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1 3 3 Metacognitive Listening Awareness（第1页）

1.3.3metacognitivelisteningawareness

theconceptofmetacognitionwasintroducedincognitivepsychologybyflavell（1979），whodefinedmetacognitionas“knowledgethattakesasitsobjectorregulatesanyaspectofanycognitivebehavior”（flavell，1979，p.8）.hethendescribedmetacognitionasawarenessofhowonelearns，awarenessofwhenonedoesanddoesnotunderstand，knowledgeofhowtouseavailableinformationtoachieveagoal，abilitytojudgethecognitivedemandsofaparticulartask，knowledgeofwhatstrategiestouseforwhatpurposes，andassessmentofone'sprogressbothduringandafterperformance.metacognitiveawarenessinvolvesbothexperienceandknowledge（flavell，1979）.metacognitiveexperienceisafeelingwehaveaboutourcognition，whilemetacognitiveknowledgeconsistsofourbeliefsandknowledgeaboutlearning.

sincewenden（1987）firstdrewpublicattentiontotheenormouspotentialthatmetacognitionhasforunderstandingl2learning，l2researchers（e.g.，goh，2008;vandergrift，2004）haveproposedspecificmetacognitiveapproachestohelplearnersraisetheirmetacognitiveawarenessaboutlisteningandintegratetheuseofstrategieswhilelistening.researchontheeffectsofmetacognitiveinstructionhasalsoprovidedsomeevidencethatperformance，confidence，andmotivationcanbeenhancedthroughclassroominstruction（e.g.，goh，2002b;vandergrift&tafaghodtari，2010）.

basedonflavell's（1979）theoreticalmodelofmetacognition，vandergrift，goh，mareschal，andtafaghodtari（2006）classifiedmetacognitivelisteningawarenessintofivecategories:problemsolving，planning-evaluation，mentaltranslation，personknowledgeanddirectedattention.tohelplearnersintegratetheuseofmetacognitivestrategieswhilelistening，vandergrift（2004）proposedacyclewhichincludessuchmetacognitiveprocessesaspromptinglearnerstousestrategiestoregulatetheircomprehension，verifyingthestrategiesbeingused，andevaluatingthestrategiesusedinthelisteningprocess.suchmetacognitiveprocessesnotonlyraisethelearners'metacognitiveawarenessabouttheirstrategyusebutalsooffermuchneededscaffoldingwhilelearnersareworkingwithlisteningtexts.“learnerswhosuccessfullyusethesestrategiestoimprovetheircomprehensionwillalsoexperienceanincreaseinmotivation”（goh，2008，p.192）.

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